我们可能会听到一次性纸盒中会有聚合物，那么这又是什么呢？

We may hear polymer in disposable paper boxes, so what is this?

有机高分子材料（又称聚合物或高聚物材料）是现代材料科学中的重要组成部分，其本质是由一种或多种结构单元（单体）通过共价键重复连接形成的超大分子化合物，分子量范围通常在10⁴-10⁶之间。

Organic polymer materials (also known as polymers or polymer materials) are an important component of modern materials science. They are essentially super molecular compounds formed by the repeated covalent bonding of one or more structural units (monomers), with a molecular weight range typically between 10 ⁴ -10 ⁶.

这类材料根据来源可分为两大类：一类是自然界中天然存在的高分子物质，如纤维素、蛋白质、天然橡胶等；另一类则是通过人工合成方法制备的高分子材料，包括合成橡胶、合成树脂、合成纤维等非天然聚合物。从应用角度分类，高分子材料主要可分为塑料、橡胶和纤维三大类，其中塑料作为应用最广泛的品类，在现代生活中扮演着不可或缺的角色。

These materials can be divided into two categories based on their sources: one is naturally occurring high molecular weight substances in nature, such as cellulose, protein, natural rubber, etc; Another type is polymer materials prepared through artificial synthesis methods, including non natural polymers such as synthetic rubber, synthetic resin, synthetic fibers, etc. From an application perspective, polymer materials can be mainly divided into three categories: plastics, rubber, and fibers. Among them, plastics, as the most widely used category, play an indispensable role in modern life.

塑料是以单体为原料，通过加聚反应或缩聚反应形成的高分子化合物，其力学性能介于纤维和橡胶之间，具有适中的抗形变能力。从组成来看，塑料是由合成树脂基体配合多种功能性添加剂复合而成，这些添加剂包括改善加工性能的润滑剂、增强力学性能的填料、提高耐候性的稳定剂、增加柔韧性的增塑剂以及赋予颜色的色料等。

Plastic is a high molecular weight compound formed from monomers through addition or condensation reactions. Its mechanical properties are between fibers and rubber, and it has moderate resistance to deformation. From a composition perspective, plastics are composed of a synthetic resin matrix combined with various functional additives, including lubricants that improve processing performance, fillers that enhance mechanical properties, stabilizers that improve weather resistance, plasticizers that increase flexibility, and colorants that impart color.

需要特别说明的是，树脂作为塑料的主要成分，特指未添加任何助剂的纯高分子化合物。有趣的是，"树脂"这一术语的起源与动植物分泌的天然脂质有关，如松香、虫胶等天然树脂，这种命名方式反映了材料科学发展的历史脉络。

It should be noted that resin, as the main component of plastics, specifically refers to pure polymer compounds without any additives added. It is interesting that the origin of the term "resin" is related to natural lipids secreted by animals and plants, such as rosin, cordyceps, and other natural resins. This naming convention reflects the historical development of materials science.

从认知角度观察，公众对这类材料的理解存在明显的"术语效应"：当使用"塑料"这一日常用语时，人们会立即联想到各种价廉物美的日用品；而改用"有机高分子材料"这一学术称谓时，往往会产生认知距离。这种语言现象生动体现了科技传播中专业术语与大众语言之间的转换难题。

From a cognitive perspective, there is a clear "terminology effect" in the public's understanding of such materials: when using the commonly used term "plastic", people immediately associate it with various cheap and high-quality daily necessities; When using the academic term 'organic polymer materials', it often creates cognitive distance. This linguistic phenomenon vividly reflects the difficulty of converting professional terminology into popular language in technology communication.

从历史发展维度来看，塑料的工业化生产始于20世纪初，虽然其在西方国家的普及历程有待考证，但就中国而言，塑料制品的全面推广具有明显的时代特征。上世纪80年代的中国农村，日常生活用品仍以传统的金属、陶瓷、木质材料为主，随着改革开放后轻工业的发展，塑料制品凭借其轻便、耐用、价廉等优势迅速取代传统材料，完成了从稀缺品到必需品的转变，这一过程不仅改变了国人的生活方式，也反映了中国现代化进程中的物质文化变迁。

From the perspective of historical development, the industrial production of plastics began in the early 20th century. Although its popularity in Western countries remains to be verified, in China, the comprehensive promotion of plastic products has obvious characteristics of the times. In China's rural areas in the 1980s, the daily necessities were still dominated by traditional metal, ceramic and wood materials. With the development of light industry after the reform and opening up, plastic products quickly replaced traditional materials by virtue of their advantages such as lightness, durability and low price, and completed the transformation from scarce goods to necessities. This process not only changed the lifestyle of countrymen, but also reflected the material and cultural changes in China's modernization process.

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